One of the biggest attractions of having a broadly passive investment strategy is the simplicity of it. You don’t have to speculate on particular sectors or regions or constantly monitor how your portfolio is performing. The long-term market return is more than adequate to meet the need of most investors, and by simply aiming to capture that return efficiently is likely the path with the highest probability of a successful outcome.
Indices themselves are wonderfully simple. You know exactly what you’re getting with them. But when you hire an active manager or actively managed fund, you’re not quite sure. Many active equity funds, for example, include an element of bonds, cash or both, and because active managers typically turn over their entire portfolio every couple of years or so, it’s very difficult to keep tabs on everything you own at any given time.
A more worrying development in recent years is that, with active managers finding it increasingly hard to beat their benchmarks, they are resorting more and more to complex investments. Principally, these investments will come with some or all of the following:
Leverage — in other words, the fund manager borrows money to increase the potential return of an investment
Short selling — that is, the manager sells a security that they don’t own, or that they have borrowed, in the hope that the security’s price will decline, allowing them to buy it back at a lower price to make a profit
Illiquidity — that is, the manager owns securities or other assets that cannot easily and quickly be sold or exchanged for cash without substantial loss in value.
Hedge Funds, Private Equity and Real Estate all fit in these categories in some way. They are often sold to investors with the ideas that they are designed to protect investors from risk. In practice, though, they often have the opposite effect; all three types of exposures carry a degree of risk that the end investor may not want to take. What makes matters worse is it’s not uncommon for a high fee advisor to advise their clients to include these investments cause their fees are too high for them to recommend high quality bonds at today’s low yields.
Worryingly, research from Canada has confirmed that active managers are making increasing use of these complex strategies, resulting in higher fees, lower returns and greater risk. The paper in question, entitled Use of Leverage, Short Sales and Options by Mutual Funds, was produced by three academics at the Smith School of Business at Queen’s University in Ontario.
According to the authors — Paul Calluzzo, Fabio Moneta and Selim Topaloglu — in the 15 years prior to the paper’s publication in March 2017, 42.5% of US domestic stock funds have used leverage, short sales or options at least once. Between 1999 and 2015, the percentage of funds allowed to use all three rose from 25.7% to 62.6%.
But, the researchers found, there was a price to pay for end investors for this additional complexity. Funds that used complex investments, they calculated, had a 0.59% decrease in excess return and a 0.072% increase in expenses.
So, what did the researchers find specifically on risk? To quote the paper: "Although (managers) use the instruments in a manner that decreases the fund's systematic risk, they hold portfolios of riskier stocks that offset the insurance capabilities of the complex instruments.
“We find not only that funds that use complex instruments take more risk, both systematic and idiosyncratic, in their equity positions, but also that bylaws that authorize complex instrument use are associated with greater fund risk.”
In the paper’s conclusion the authors say this: “Our results suggest that the use of complex instruments is associated with outcomes that harm shareholders: lower returns, higher unsystematic risk, more negative skewness, greater kurtosis (essentially volatility) and higher fees.
“Overall, it appears that mutual fund investors are better off choosing simplicity.”
So, why is it that active managers are using these complex strategies more and more? The bottom line is that regulators have allowed them to. But you could also argue that one reason active managers are resorting to using them is that they’re increasingly under pressure to prove that they can beat the index. Put another way, active managers are becoming increasingly desperate.
To quote the investment author Larry Swedroe: “The active world has to fight back to keep their share, and one way to do that is to add complexity. They need to say, ‘We have a story to tell, and you need to be a member of our secret club, which has all theses superior instruments.’”
Investors should not be seduced by these sorts of marketing messages. In investing, simplicity is the ultimate sophistication, and ideally that means avoiding actively managed funds altogether.
Digital Wealth Management companies must create an integrated platform which focuses on efficiency driving out unnecessary layers and complexity keeping client fees as low as possible.
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